পারভেজ সেলিম
(পর্ব : ০৪)
দেশভাগের পর বৃহৎ পাঞ্জাব দুটুকরো হয়ে যায়।বর্তমানে ভারত ও পাকিস্তানে বিভক্ত পাঞ্জাবের ছিল সমৃদ্ধ ইতিহাস।
২৬০০ খ্রি. পুর্ব বা আজ থেকে সাড়ে চার হাজার বছর আগের সিন্ধু সভ্যতার যে নিদর্শণ পাওয়া যায় সেই হরপ্পা সভ্যতা এই পাঞ্জাবে যা বর্তমানে পাকিস্তানের অংশে পড়েছে।
পৃথিবীর প্রথম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় তক্ষশীলা এই পাঞ্জাবেই ছিল।
৩২৬ খ্রি. পুর্বে মহাবীর আলেকজান্ডার যে হাইডাস্পিসের যুদ্ধে পরাজিত হয়েছিলেন, যার ফলাফল ভারত দখল না করেই ফিরে যেতে হয়, সেই স্থানটিও এই পাঞ্জাব অঞ্চলে।
মৌর্য থেকে শুরু করে ইংরেজ পর্যন্ত অসংখ্যবার এই অঞ্চল শাসিত হয়েছে ভিনদেশি শাসক দ্বারা।
বারো শতক পর্যন্ত এই অঞ্চলটি হিন্দুদের শাসনে ছিল। এরপর আগমন ঘটে মুসলামান শাসকদের।
গুরু নানক যখন শিখ ধর্মের মহাণ বানী নিয়ে গোটা ভারত চষে বেড়াচ্ছেন, তখন দিল্লিতে মুসলমানেরা ক্ষমতায়।
একে একে দশ গুরুর জীবনাবসানের পর শিখ রাজ্য প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল।
দশম গুরু গোবিন্দ সিং (১৬৬৬-১৭০৪) ‘দল খালাসা’ নামে শিখ সেনাবাহিনী গঠন করেছিলেন। যুদ্ধ ও অস্ত্রচালানো শিখদের তাই ধর্মীয় অনুসঙ্গ হয়ে ওঠে।
১৭০৭ সালে শিখ সম্রাজের উত্থান শুরু হয় পাঞ্জাবে। তবে১৭৯৯ সালে মহারাজা রনজিত সিং এর হাতে শিখ সাম্রাজ্য প্রতিষ্ঠা হয়েছিল।
পশ্চিমে খাইবার পাস থেকে পুর্বে তিব্বত দক্ষিনে সিন্ধু উত্তরে কাশ্মীর পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হয়েছিল। লাহোর ছিল তার রাজধানী।
মজার ব্যাপার হলো, শিখ সম্রাজ্যে শিখরা ছিল মাত্র ১৭ % আর ৭০% ছিল মুসলমান আর ছিল হিন্দু ১৩%।
এরপর দ্বিতীয় এ্যাংলো- শিখ যুদ্ধে শিখরা পরাজিত হয়। ১৮৪৯ সালে ব্রিটিশরা অবিভক্ত পাঞ্জাব দখল করে নেয়। পরে লাহোর, মুলতান, পেশোয়ার, কাশ্মির চারটি প্রদেশে ভাগ করে পাঞ্জাবকে।
ব্রিটিশরা বুজতে পেরেছিল শিখরা লড়াকু জাতি। তারা শিখ জমিদার, স্থানীয় নেতাদের সুযোগ সুবিধা বাড়িয়ে দিতে শুরু করেছিল।
শিখদের জন্য সেনাবাহিনীতে আলাদা রেজিমেন্ট খুলেছিল। বর্তমানে ভারতীয় সেনাবাহিনীতে শিখদের আধিক্যের শুরু তখন থেকেই।
সিপাহী বিদ্রোহের সময় শিখদের এই রেজিমেন্ট খুব কাজে লেগেছিল। হিন্দু – শিখ- মুসলমানদের বিভাজন তৈরি করে শাসনকে পাকা পোক্ত করেছিল ইংরেজরা।
বাঙ্গলায় হিন্দু-মুসলমান আর পাঞ্জাবে হিন্দু-শিখ দ্বন্দ সবসময় লেগেই থাকতো।
পাঞ্জাবে শিখরা ভারতের অন্য অঞ্চলের মতো শাসিত হতে থাকে ইংরেজ দ্বারা।
১৮৭৭ সালে এক বিশেষ ঘটনা ঘটে।
আর্য সমাজের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা দয়ানন্দ সরস্বতী লাহোরে একটি শাখা প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন।
দয়ানন্দ বিনা কারণে গুরু নানককে ভন্ড ও গ্রন্থ সাহেবকে একটি পরিত্যাজ্য গ্রন্থ হিসেবে প্রচার করতে থাকেন।
শিখরা এতে ভীষণ ক্ষুদ্ধ হন। হিন্দু -শিখদের বিভাজন এসময় আরো স্পষ্ট হয়ে ওঠে।
ব্রিটিশরা এর সুযোগই গ্রহণ করেন।
এতদিন হিন্দুদের একটি শাখা হিসেবে গণ্য করা হতো শিখকে। এবার আলাদা জাতি হিসেবে স্বীকৃতি দেয় ব্রিটিশরা।
শিখরা পুস্তিকা প্রকাশ করে প্রচার প্রচারণা শুরু করে যেখানে লিখা থাকত,’আমরা হিন্দু নই’।
শিখদের পবিত্র উপাসলায় গুরুদুয়ারগুলো তখনও বংশানুক্রমে হিন্দু মোহান্তদের দ্বারা নিয়ন্ত্রিত ও পরিচালিত হতো। এর ফলে শিখরা দীর্ঘদিন নিজেদের বঞ্চিত ভাবতে থাকে।
১৯২০ সালের দিকে নতুন এক ধর্মীয় রাজনৈতিক আন্দোলনের সৃষ্টি হয়। নাম ‘শিরোমনি আকালী’ আন্দোলন। যার মুল লক্ষ্য ছিল গুরুদুয়ারগুলোর সংস্কার ও শিখদের নিজের নিয়ন্ত্রণে নেয়া।
পরবর্তীতে একই নামে একটি রাজনৈতিক দল গঠিত হয়। পাঞ্জাবের রাজনীতি, ধর্মীয় ও সামাজিক গুরুত্বপুর্ন কাজের প্রধান হর্তাকর্তা হয়ে উঠে দলটি। যা আকালী পার্টি নামে পরিচিত।
প্রথম দিকে এর সমর্থক কম থাকলেও, পরে এর সদস্য সংখ্যা হয় ১৭৫ জন। যারা। ১৯২০ সালের মধ্যে গুরুদুয়ারের সকল পন্ডিতদেরকে অপসারণ করতে সক্ষম হন আকালী দলের সমর্থকেরা ।
১৯২৫ সালে ‘শিখ গুরুদোয়ারা অ্যাক্ট’ পাশ হবার ফলে গুরুদুয়ারাগুলোর পরিচালনার ভার শিখদের হাতে চলে আসে।
‘শিরোমনী গুরদুয়ারা প্রাবন্ধক কমিটি’ বা এনজিপিসি উপর এর পরিচালনার ভার ন্যাস্ত করা হয়। নির্বাচণের মাধ্যমে এর নেতৃত্ব পরিবর্তণের আইনও করা হয়।
পরবর্তীতে পাঞ্জাবের রাজনীতিতে এই কমিটি বড় প্রভাব বিস্তার করতে সক্ষম হবে।
ইংরেজদের শাসন হালকা হতে শুরু করে প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধের পর।
১৯২৯ সালে মতিলাল নেহেরু ভারতের পূর্ণ স্বাধীনতার দাবি পেশ করেন । যেখানে পাঞ্জাবকে ভারতে অংশ হিসেবে দেখানো হয়।
শিখরা তখন এটাকে কোন সমস্যা মনে করেনি। কারণ ভারতকে তারা নিজেদের দেশই মনে করতো তখন।
কিন্তু সমস্যা শুরু হয় ১৯৪০ সালে।
মুসলিম লীগের এ.কে ফজলুল হক যখন লাহোর প্রস্তাব উত্থাপন করেন তখন শিখদের মনে ক্ষোভের সৃষ্টি হয়।
সেখানে মুসলমান ও হিন্দুদের জন্য আলাদা রাষ্ট্রের প্রস্তাব রাখা হলেও শিখদের জন্য কোন রাষ্ট্রের কথা বলা হয় না।
সিদ্ধান্ত হয় সিন্ধ, বেলুচিস্তান,খাইবার পাখতুন, পুর্ব বঙ্গ এবং পাঞ্জাবের বিশাল অংশ মিলে মুসলমানদের রাষ্ট্র পাকিস্তান গঠণ করা হবে।
আর বাকি অংশ মিলে হবে ভারত।
ইংরেজরা যখন দেশভাগ করলো তখন এদিক যেমন বাংলাকে কেটে দুইভাগ করলো ওদিকে তেমনি পাঞ্জাবকে কেটে দুটুকরো করলো।
দেশভাগের যন্ত্রণা আর কষ্ট সবচেয়ে বেশি ভোগ করলো এই দুই প্রদেশের অভাগা মানুষেরা।
হাজার হাজার হিন্দু, শিখ পশ্চিম থেকে পুর্ব পাঞ্জাবে চলে এলো, আর পূর্ব থেকে মুসলমানেরা চলে গেল পশ্চিম পাঞ্জাবে। যা শিখদের কাছে একটি নতুন দেশ নাম ‘পাকিস্তান’।
এক কোটি মানুষ বাস্তুহারা হয়েছিলেন ইংরেজদের এই খেয়ালী সিদ্ধান্তে। ২০ লক্ষ মানুষ নিহত হয়েছিল এই দেশভাগের যন্ত্রনায়। পৃথিবীর ইতিহাসে এমন ঘটনা আর দ্বিতীয়টি নেই।
এই বিভক্তির প্রধান কুশিলবই ছিল ইংরেজরা। যারা ভাগ করো, শাসন করো নীতিতে ভারতে শাসন দীর্ঘস্থায়ী করেছিল।
দেশভাগের ফলে পাঞ্জাবের শিখদের কৃষিজমির অনেক অংশ শুধু পাকিস্তানের অংশে পড়ে গেল না, গুরু নানকের জন্মস্থান সহ নানা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ধর্মীয় স্থাপনাও পাকিস্তানের অংশে থেকে গেল।
এসময় শিখদের রাজনৈতিক মুখপত্র হয়ে ওঠা আকালী দলের নেতারা ইংরেজদের কাছে এমন দেশভাগ না করার জন্য আবেদন করেছিল কিন্তু তাতে কোন কাজ হলো না।
বর্তমানের সংকটের বীজ তখনই রোপিত হয়েছিল।
স্বাধীনতার সময় শিখ আর হিন্দুরা আবার কাছাকাছি আসে।
একে অন্যদের সাথে কাঁধ মিলিয়ে বিরোধীতা করেছিল মুসলমানদের।
শিখদের ধর্মীয় ও রাজনীতির কান্ডারী আকালী দল চেষ্টা করেও তখন কিছু করতে পারেনি। দেশ ভাগ হয়ে যায়।
দেশভাগের সময় কয়েকটি সংকট স্পষ্ট হয়ে উঠল। পূর্ব পাঞ্জাবে (হরিয়ানা, হিমাচল ও বর্তমান পাঞ্জাব) সংখ্যালঘু হয়ে পড়লো শিখরা। প্রধানমন্ত্রী জহরলাল নেহেরু সেনাবাহিনী থেকে শিখ রেজিমেন্ট বাতিল করলেন ধর্মনিরপেক্ষতার দোহাই দিয়ে।
মুসলমান এবং হিন্দুরা নিজের একেকটি দেশ পেল।
একের পর এক বঞ্চনায় শিখরা এবার নিজেদের প্রতারিত মনে করলো। স্বাধীন দেশের স্বপ্ন তুষের আগুনের মতো চাপা পড়ে রইলো শিখদের মনে।
১৯৪৭ এ ভারতবর্ষ ভাগ হয়ে গেল পাকিস্তান আর হিন্দুস্তানে।
(চলবে…)
পারভেজ সেলিম
লেখক, সাংবাদিক ও চলচ্চিত্রকর্মী
‘খালিস্তান আন্দোলন’ আরো কয়েকটি পর্ব পড়ুন :
পর্ব : ০১ : খালিস্তান: শিখদের স্বপ্নের স্বাধীন দেশ
পর্ব : ০২ : গুরু নানক: যার হাতে নতুন ধর্মের শুরু
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পর্ব : ০৮ : কে এই জার্নেইল সিং ভিন্দ্রানওয়ালে?
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In September 2011, a diplomatic supply near the euro adoption preparation talks between the seven remaining new Member States from Eastern Europe who had yet to undertake the euro (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania), claimed that the monetary union (eurozone) that they had thought they have been going to join upon their signing of the accession treaty could very properly find yourself being a very different union entailing much closer fiscal, economic and political convergence.
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Janardhanan, Arun; Ayyappan, V (3 Might 2012).
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1 (New York: Doubleday, 1992), pp.
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Tuesday at the Lockesburg Calvary Baptist Church.
What is that this object that baby boomer (and their dad and mom) collected?
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