মুসলমানদের নিজেদের মধ্যে যে দ্বন্দ, ফ্যাসাদ, মারামারি, সহিংসতা ও যুদ্ধ সংগঠিত হয়েছিল তা ‘ইসলামে ফিতনা’ নামে পরিচিত। প্রশ্ন হচ্ছে কেন এই ফিতনা হয়েছিল?
এর সহজ উত্তর হচ্ছে এক মুসলমানের সাথে অন্য মুসলমানের মতের ভিন্নতা বা মতোবিরোধ।
ইসলামে তিনটি ফিতনা খুবই উল্লেখযোগ্য। যেখানে নিজেদের মধ্যে যুদ্ধ করে লক্ষাধিক মুসলমান শহীদ হয়েছিলেন। এই তিনটি ফিতনাই হয় মহানবীর মৃত্যুর ১২০ বছরের মধ্যে।
মুসলমানদের মধ্যে প্রথমবারের মতো প্রবল মতোবিরোধ দেখা দেয় মহানবীর মৃত্যুর পরপরই। কে হবেন প্রথম খলিফা? এটাই মতোবিরোধের সুত্রপাত। যদিও শেষ পর্যন্ত আলাপ আলোচনার মধ্য দিয়ে সেই সমস্যার সমাধান করা গেছে।
তবে এরপর খলিফা নির্বাচন সহ নানা ইস্যুতে বারবার ভিন্নমত দেখা দিয়েছে, সবকিছুই আলোচনার মধ্যে সমাধানের চেষ্টা হয়েছে কিন্তু সবসময় তা আলোচনার মাধ্যমে পরিসমাপ্তি ঘটেনি।
মহানবীর মৃত্যুর ২৩ বছর পর তৃতীয় খলিফা উসমান হত্যার মধ্যে দিয়ে মুসলমানদের মতপার্থক্য নৃশংসতায় রুপ নেয়। শুরু হয় ইসলামের নতুন এক অধ্যায়ের, যার নাম ‘ফিতনা’।
কিভাবে এই ভিন্নমত তৈরি হলো ?
১.
৬৫৬ সালে শুরু হয় প্রথম ফিতনা। তৃতীয় খলিফা উসমানের (রা.) মৃত্যুর পর হয়রত আলী (রা.) খলিফা হন। তার শাসন আমলের পুরো সময় জুড়ে চলে প্রথম ফিতনা। তিন তিনটি যুদ্ধ হয়( ৬৫৬-৬৬১ খ্রি.) এই পাঁচ বছরে।
প্রথম ফিতনার প্রথম যুদ্ধটি শুরু হয় খলিফা উসমান হত্যার বিচার বিলম্ব হবার কারণে। খলিফা আলী ও মহানবীর প্রিয়তমা স্ত্রী আয়শা( রা.) এর মধ্যে শুরু হয় এই যুদ্ধ। নাম ‘উটের যুদ্ধ, ‘জঙ্গে জামাল’ বা ‘বসরার যুদ্ধ’ (৬৫৬ খ্রি.)
দ্বিতীয় যুদ্ধটি হয় চতুর্থ খলিফা আলী (রা.) খিলাফতকে অস্বীকার করার জন্য। হয়রত আলী ও মুয়াবিয়ার মধ্যে। নাম ‘সিফফিনের যুদ্ধ’(৬৫৭ খ্রি.)।
তৃতীয় যুদ্ধটি হয় মুয়াবিয়ার সাথে খলিফা আলীর যুদ্ধ বিরতি ঘোষণা করার জন্য। খলিফা আলী (রা.) ও খাজরাজ গোত্রের মধ্যে শুরু হয় এই যুদ্ধ। নাম ‘নাহরাওয়ানের যুদ্ধ’ (৬৫৮ খ্রি.)।
প্রথম ফিতনার কারণ হিসাবে দেখা যায় ক্ষমতার দ্বন্দ ও নেতৃত্বের প্রতি অনাস্থা, খিলাফতকে অস্বীকার করা। পাঁচ বছর ব্যাপি চলা ‘প্রথম ফিতনা’য় ৯০ হাজার মুসলমান শহীদ হয়েছিল বলে ধারণা করা হয়।
২.
‘দ্বিতীয় ফিতনা’ ব্যাপ্তিকাল ১২ বছর। অন্যায়, অবিচার আর ক্ষমতার লড়াই এই ফিতনার মুল কারণ।
কারবালা যুদ্ধ, মদিনা অভিযান, কাবা ঘরে আগুন, এই সময়ের সবচেয়ে বিতর্কিত ঘটণা। এছাড়া কুফা ও দামেস্কে ক্ষমতার রক্তাত্ব পালাবদল এই ফিতনার সময়কালে ঘটতে থাকে।
ইয়াজিদের ক্ষমতা গ্রহণ ছিল অন্যায় ও অবিচারের এক নিদর্শণ। চুক্তি ভঙ্গের মাধ্যমে যা সংগঠিত হয়েছিল। কারবালা যুদ্ধ তো মুসলমানদের সবচেয়ে বেদনার ইতিহাস। অন্যায়ের সাথে আপোষ না করার সর্বশ্রেষ্ট উদাহরণ।
কুফায় মুখতার আল সাকাফির ক্ষমতা গ্রহণ এবং কারবালা হত্যাকান্ডের প্রতিশোধ গ্রহণ ছিল ভিন্ন মত ও ভিন্ন মানুষের মধ্যে দ্বন্দের প্রকাশ। সকলে নিজেদের মুসলমান মনে করতেন এবং ইসলামের মর্যাদা বৃদ্ধির আশায় একে অপরের সঙ্গে সংঘর্ষে লিপ্ত হয়েছিল।
আত্নসমর্পণ করা ছয় হাজার সৈন্য সহ মোক্তার আল সাকাফিকে হত্যা ছিল আবদুল্লাহ ইবনে জুবায়েরের এক নৃশংস ঘটণা। ইসলামের আরেক কালো অধ্যায়।
শেষে প্রতাপশালী উমাইয়াদের সাথে আবদুল্লাহ ইবনে জুবায়েরের একার লড়াই করে শহীদ হওয়া যেন আরেক বীরত্বের ইতিহাস।
দ্বিতীয় ফিতনার কারণ নেতৃত্বের প্রতি অবিশ্বাস, নিজের মধ্যে মতোবিরোধ, অন্যায়ের প্রতিবাদের ফল।
৬৮০-৬৯২ সাল পর্যন্ত ১২ বছর ব্যাপি চলা ফিতনায় ৭০ হাজার মুসলমান শহীদ হয়েছিল বলে ধরা হয়।
৩.
৮৯ বছর ইসলামী উম্মাহ শাসনে পর উমাইয়াদের বিরুদ্ধে সাধারণ মুসলমানেরা ফুঁসে উঠেছিল। তাদের সাথে নিয়ে আব্বাসীয়রা এক নতুন বিপ্লবের সূচনা করতে সমর্থ হয়েছিল। ইতিহাসের প্রথম সুসংগঠিত বিপ্লব।
মুসলমানেরাএক রক্তাত্ব বিপ্লবের মাধ্যমে এর পরিসমাপ্তি ঘটাণ। উমাইয়ারা ক্ষমতা হারায়, ইসলামের ক্ষমতায় বসেন আব্বাসীয়রা। এক মুসলমান ক্ষমতা থেকে
৭৪৪ সালে শুরু হওয়া ফিতনা শেষ হয় ৭৫০ সালে। আব্বাসীয়দের সাথে উমাইয়া মুসলমানদের সেসময় যে যুদ্ধ হয় তা ইতিহাসে ‘জাবের যুদ্ধ’ নামে পরিচিত।
এই যুদ্ধ জয়ের ফলে ইসলামে ‘আব্বাসীয় খিলাফত’ যুগের শুরু হয়। এর মধ্য মুসলমানদের তৃতীয় ফিতনার পরিসমাপ্তি ঘটে।
তৃতীয় ফিতনার কারণ উমাইয়াদের অন্যায় ও বৈষম্যমুলক আচরণ।
ইসলামের দৃষ্টিতে সকল মুসলমানেরা সমান। কিন্তু উমাইয়ারা আরব ও অনারব মুসলমানদের মধ্যে বৈষম্যমুলুক আইন চালু করেছিলেন।
ইসলামকে অভিজাত আরব পরিবারের সম্পত্তি হিসাবে মনে করতে শুরু করেছিলেন উমাইয়া শাসকরা।
আরবের বাহিরের নতুন মুসলমানদের জিজিয়া কর দেয়া বাধ্যতামুলক করেছিলেন। যা ‘ইসলামে সকল মুসলমান সমান’ এই আইনের সম্পূর্ন পরিপন্থি।
পারস্য জয়ের পর স্থানীয়দের মধ্যে ফার্সি ভাষার ব্যবহার বন্ধ করে শুধু আরবী ভাষা চালু করেছিলেন। আরব শৈলীর পোষাক পরা নিষেধ ছিল নতুন পারসী মুসলমানদের।
আরব ভূখন্ডের বাহিরের মুসলমানদের দ্বিতীয় শ্রেনীর মুসলমান মনে করতে শুরু করছিলেন উমাইয়ারা।
ফলাফল মুসলমান মুসলমান দ্বন্দ,ফ্যাসাদ এবং শেষে রক্তাত্ব সমাধান।
ইসলামে ফিতনা বলতে এই তিনটির নাম বেশি উচ্চারিত হলেও আব্বাসী খিলাফতের সময় আরো কয়েকটি ফিতনা সংগঠিত হয়েছিল
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