বলা হয়ে থাকে বিশ্বের প্রথম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় হচ্ছে নালন্দা। ১১৯৩ সালে তুর্কি আক্রমণকারী বখতিয়ার খিলজি নালন্দা মহাবিহার লুণ্ঠন ও ধ্বংস করেন। এটিকে ভারতে বৌদ্ধধর্মের পতনের ইতিহাসে একটি অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ঘটনা বলে বিবেচিত হয়।
তবে মুসলমানেরা মনে করেন নালন্দা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ধ্বংসে বখতিয়ারের কোন হাত ছিলনা। খলজির আগমনের আগেই নালন্দা ধ্বংস হয়েছিল। এই বির্তক চলমান দীর্ঘকাল ধরে।
“নালন্দা” শব্দটির অর্থ “দানে অকৃপণ”। নালন্দা পৃথিবীর প্রথম আবাসিক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়গুলোর মধ্যে একটি এবং এটি ইতিহাসের সবচেয়ে প্রসিদ্ধ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়গুলোর মধ্যেও একটি।
চীনা তীর্থযাত্রী সন্ন্যাসী ও পর্যটক হিউয়েন সাঙের মতে এই নামটি স্থানীয় আমের বাগানের মাঝখানের পুকুরে বসবাসকারী ‘নাগ নন্দ’ নামের একটি সাপের নাম থেকে নেয়া হয়েছে।
তবে হিউয়ানের আরেকটি মত, শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধ একদা এখানে অবস্থান করে “অবিরত ভিক্ষাপ্রদান” করতেন। সেই থেকেই এই নামের উদ্ভব। কোনো কোনো গবেষকের মতে ‘নালক’ নামের গ্রামে জন্মেছিলেন বুদ্ধের শিষ্য সাতরিয়া। তার গ্রামটিকেই “নালন্দা” নামে অভিহিত করা হয়।
নালন্দার স্বর্ণযুগে ১০,০০০ এর বেশি শিক্ষার্থী এবং ২,০০০ শিক্ষক এখানে জ্ঞান চর্চা করতেন। এর প্রধান ফটক এবং সুউচ্চ দেয়ালঘেরা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়টি স্থাপত্যের একটি মাস্টারপিস হিসেবে সুপরিচিত ছিল।
বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে আটটি ভিন্ন ভিন্ন চত্বর এবং দশটি মন্দির ছিল; ছিল ধ্যান করার কক্ষ এবং শ্রেণিকক্ষ। প্রাঙ্গনে ছিল কতগুলো দীঘি ও উদ্যান।
বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের পাঠাগারটি ছিল একটি নয়তলা ভবন যেখানে পাণ্ডুলিপি তৈরি করা হত অত্যন্ত সতর্কতার সাথে। ধর্মের পাশাপাশি বেদ,উপনিশদ, বিতর্ক, দর্শন, যুক্তিবিদ্যা, ব্যাকরণ, সাহিত্য, গণিত, জ্যোতিষ বিদ্যা, শিল্প কলা, চিকিৎসাশাস্ত্রসহ তৎকালীন সর্বোচ্চ শিক্ষা ব্যাবস্থার উপযোগী আরো বিভিন্ন বিষয় সম্পর্কে নিয়মিত পাঠ দান চলত এখানে।
তৎকালীন জ্ঞান বিজ্ঞানের সকল শাখাতেই চর্চার সুযোগ থাকায় সুদূর কোরিয়া, জাপান, চীন, তিব্বত,ইন্দোনেশিয়া, পারস্য এবং তুরস্ক থেকে জ্ঞানী ও জ্ঞান পিপাসুরা এখানে ভীড় করতেন। চীনের ট্যাং রাজবংশের রাজত্বকালে চৈনিক পরিব্রাজক জুয়ানঝাং ৭তম শতাব্দিতে নালন্দার বিস্তারিত বর্ণনা লিখে রেখে গেছেন।
নালন্দা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের পাঠাগার ধর্ম গুঞ্জ বা ধর্মগঞ্জ সেই সময়ে বৌদ্ধজ্ঞানের সবচেয়ে প্রসিদ্ধ ভান্ডার হিসাবে সুপরিচিত ছিল। পাঠাগারে ছিল শত শত হাজার হাজার পুঁথি,। পাঠাগারের মূল ভবন ছিল তিনটি যার প্রত্যেকটি প্রায় নয়তলা ভবনের সমান উঁচু; ভবনগুলো রত্নসাগর, রত্নদধি ও রত্নরঞ্জক নামে পরিচিত ছিল।
বখতিয়ার খলজির হাতে ধ্বংসের অভিযোগ :
শত শত বছর ধরে অবদান রেখে আসা একটি সভ্য, উন্নত জাতি তৈরি ও জ্ঞান উৎপাদনকারী নিরীহ এই প্রতিষ্ঠানটি ১১৯৩ সালে তুর্কি সেনাপতি ইখতিয়ার উদ্দীন মুহাম্মদ বিন বখতিয়ার খিলজী আক্রমণ করে ধ্বংস করে ফেলেন বলে অভিযোগ আছে।
তার আক্রমণের বর্বরতা এত ভয়াবহ আকারে ছিল এ সম্পর্কে পারস্য ইতিহাসবিদ মিনহাজ তাঁর “তাবাকাতে নাসিরি” গ্রন্থে লিখেছেন “হাজার হাজার বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষুকে আগুনে পুড়িয়ে ও গলা কেটে হত্যা করে সেখানে ইসলাম প্রচারের চেষ্টা করেন খিলজী” এরপর আগুন লাগিয়ে দেন লাইব্রেরির ভবনগুলোতে।
লাইব্রেরিতে বইয়ের পরিমান এত বেশী ছিল যে কয়েক মাস সময় লেগেছিল সেই মহা মূল্যবান বই গুলো পুড়ে ছাই ভষ্ম হতে কারো কারো মতে এই সময়টি ছয় মাস।
খিলজী শুধু নালন্দাকে পুড়িয়ে ছাই করেননি, একই সাথে পুড়িয়ে ছাই করেছেন একটি জাতির সভ্যতা, ইতিহাস, প্রাচীন জ্ঞান বিজ্ঞানের অমূল্য বই যা থেকে আমরা জানতে পারতাম সে যুগের ভারতবর্ষের শিক্ষার অবকাঠামো, তৎকালীন সামাজিক-সাংষ্কৃতিক অবস্থা ও প্রাচীন জ্ঞান-বিজ্ঞানের অগ্রগতি সম্পর্কে। জাতি হিসাবেও হয়তো আমাদের পিছিয়ে দিয়েছে সহস্র বছর।
সেদিন তার ধারালো তরবারির নিষ্ঠুর আঘাতে ফিনকি দিয়ে ছোটা রক্ত বন্যার স্রোতে ভেসে যাওয়া নিরস্ত্র মানুষের আর্ত চিৎকারে ও জীবন্ত মানুষ পোড়া গন্ধের সাথে বাতাসে ভেসে আসা বাচঁতে চাওয়া ঝলসানো সাধারণ মানুষ করুণ আর্তনাদে স্তব্ধ হয়েছিল একটি সভ্য জাতির অগ্রযাত্রা।
নালন্দা ধ্বংস হয়েছিল অন্যদের হাতে :
তবে খলজির বিরুদ্ধে এমন অভিযোগকে অনেকে সঠিক নয় বলছেন । খিলজি আসার অনেক আগেই ধ্বংস হয়েছিল নালন্দা বলেই তাদের মত।
ষষ্ঠ শতকের রাজা মিহিরকুল বৌদ্ধদের সহ্য করতে পারতেন না। তিনি যখন পাটলিপুত্র আক্রমণ করেন তখন সম্ভবত নালন্দা মহাবিহার ধ্বংসপ্রাপ্ত হয়।
আবার কারো কারো মতে নালন্দা ধ্বংসই হয়নি সে সময় । ১২৩৪-৩৬ সালে অর্থাৎ বখতিয়ারের বিহার জয়ের ৩১ বছর পর তিব্বতী সাধু ধর্মস্বামী মগধে আগমন করেন ও সেখানে অবস্থান করেন। নালন্দা মঠকে তিনি তখন চালু অবস্থায় দেখতে পান। সেখানে মঠাধ্যক্ষ রাহুল শ্রীভদ্রের পরিচালনায় সত্তর জন সাধু অধ্যয়নে নিয়ােজিত ছিলেন এবং তিনি নিজে ছমাস সেখানে জ্ঞানার্জন করেন
বিশিষ্ট তাত্ত্বিক লেখক ভূপেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত নালন্দা মহাবিহার ধ্বংসের জন্য ব্রাহ্মণ্যবাদীদের আক্রমণকে মান্যতা দিয়েছেন। তিনি লিখেছেন “নালন্দার লাইব্রেরী কয়েকবার বিধ্বস্ত হয়।
.. এক কিংবদন্তী চালু আছে একদিন ঐ মন্দিরে যখন শাস্ত্র চর্চা চলছিল তখন দুজন কোমল স্বভাবের ব্রাহ্মণ সেখানে উপস্থিত হন। কয়েকটি অল্প বয়স্ক ভি; তাঁহাদের উপর পরিহাসােচ্ছলে জল ছিটিয়ে দেন। এতে তাঁদের ক্রোধ বেড়ে যায়।
বারাে বৎসরব্যাপী সূর্যের তপস্যা করে তাঁরা যজ্ঞাগ্নি নিয়ে নালন্দার প্রসিদ্ধ গ্রন্থাগারে এবং বৌদ্ধ বিহারগুলিতে অগ্নিসংযােগ করেন। ফলে নালন্দা অগ্নিসাৎ হয়ে যায়।” (বুদ্ধগয়া গয়া-দর্শন রাজগীর নালন্দা পর্যটক সহায়ক পুস্তিকা, পৃ. ১৬-১৭, দ্রঃ-আমীর হােসেন, বাঙালীর বিভাজন, অনুষ্টুপ, বিশেষ শীতকালীন সংখ্যা ১৪০৮, কলকাতা)।
তবে তিব্বতীয় শাস্ত্র ‘পাগসাম ইয়ান জাং’-ও ‘উগ্র হিন্দুদের হাতে নালন্দার গ্রন্থাগার পােড়ানাে হয়েছে বলে উল্লেখ করেছে। (বি এন এস যাদব, সােসাইটি অ্যান্ড কালচার ইন নর্দার্ন ইন্ডিয়া ইন দ্য টুয়েলভথ সেঞ্চুরি, এলাহাবাদ, ১৯৭৩, পৃ. ৩৪৬)। ডি আর পাতিল অবশ্য খুব পরিষ্কার করে বলেছেন যে, ওটা ধ্বংস করেছিল শৈবরা। (ডি আর পাতিল, অ্যান্টিকোয়ারিয়ান রিমেইন অফ বিহার, পাটনা, ১৯৬৩, পৃ.৩০৪)
খলজির হাতে নালন্দা ধ্বংসকে তাই মুসলমানদের বিরুদ্ধে এ এক পরিকল্পিত ইতিহাস বিকৃতি বলে এখন মতামত দিচ্ছেন অনেকে।
শেষের কথা :
কিছু কিছু স্থাপনা এখনো টিকে আছে, যেমন নিকটবর্তী সূর্য মন্দির যা একটি হিন্দু মন্দির। মোট ১৫,০০০ বর্গ মিটার এলাকায় খননকার্য চলানো হয়েছে । নালন্দায় এখন কেউ বাস করে না, নিকটবর্তী বড়গাঁও নামক গ্রামে বসবাস স্থানীয়দের।
নালন্দা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ছিল হিন্দু ও বৌদ্ধ ধর্মের প্রায় সকল ধর্ম গ্রন্থের সংগ্রহশালা। বিশেষ করে বেদ আর উপনিষদের উপর আলোচনা, ব্যাখ্যা, বিশ্লেষণ গুলো অত্যন্ত সতর্কতা ও যত্নের সাথে সংরক্ষন করা হয়। এই পুস্তকগুলো ধ্বংসের ফলে পরবর্তীতে হিন্দু ধর্মে নানা কু’প্রথা- আচার স্থান পায়। যার প্রভাব এখন রয়ে গেছে হিন্দু ধর্মে।
নালন্দায় ধর্মীয় বিজয় সফল হলেও লজ্জিত হয় মানবতা, পরাজিত হয় সভ্যতা, শৃঙ্খলিত হয় শিক্ষা। এভাবে উগ্র ধর্মীয় উন্মাদনা, আক্রোশ, বিদ্বেষ ও প্রতিহিংসার বশবর্তী হয়ে পৃথিবী থেকে বিলুপ্তি ঘটিয়েছিল ধর্মান্ধরা কয়েকশ বছর ধরে মানব সভ্যতাকে আলোর পথ দেখানো মানুষ গড়ার এই কারখানাটিকে।
২০০৬ সালে ভারত, চীন,সিঙ্গাপুর, জাপান ও অন্যান্য কয়েকটি রাষ্ট্র যৌথভাবে এই সুপ্রাচীন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়টির পুনরুজ্জীবনের প্রকল্প গ্রহণ করে। নতুন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়টির নাম স্থির হয়েছে ‘নালন্দা আন্তর্জাতিক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়’। এটি প্রাচীন নালন্দা মহাবিহারের ধ্বংসাবশেষের নিকট নির্মিত হবে। সুপ্রাচীন বিশ্ববদ্যিালয়টির তার ধ্বংস হয়ে যাওয়া ভাবমুর্তী পুনরায় উদ্ধার করতে পারে কিনা সেটাই এখন দেখার বিষয়।
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