পারভেজ সেলিম
সাল ১৯৪৩ । বাংলা সাল ১৩৫০ ।
কলকাতার রাস্তা পড়ে আছে লাশের পর লাশ। শুকুন আর শেয়ালের খাদ্য হয়েছে অভাগা মানুষের শীর্ণকায় দেহগুলো। গ্রাম থেকে শহরের দিকে দলে দলে ছুটছে মানুষ। ছুটছে শুধু একটু খাবারের আশায়। ভাত না জুটলে ভাতের ফ্যান পেলেও শুরু হয় তাদের কাড়াকাড়ি। শিশু-নারী-পুরুষ সকলের সারাদিন শুধু একটাই কাজ, যদি কোথাও থেকে আজ একটু খাবার জুটানো যায়। শেষ পর্যন্ত খাবারের অভাবে মারা যায় ৫০ লক্ষ মানুষ। ইতিহাসে এটি তেতাল্লিশের দুর্ভিক্ষ বা ‘পঞ্চাশের মনান্তর’ নামে পরিচিত। কিন্তু এমন দুর্ভিক্ষের পিছনের কারণ কি?
বাংলা ১৩৫০ সালে এই ভয়াবহ দুর্ভিক্ষ হয়েছিল বলে এর নাম ‘পঞ্চাশের মন্বান্তর’। দুর্ভিক্ষের কারনগুলোর দিকে এবার নজর দেয়া যাক।
উৎপাদন ব্যহত :
১৯৪২ এর অক্টোবরে একটি নতুন রোগ দেখা দেয় বাংলা অঞ্চলে ধান ক্ষেতগুলোতে। নাম ‘ব্রাউন স্পট ডিজিজ’। ছত্রাক জাতীয় এই রোগে অনেক ধানের ক্ষেত নষ্ট হয়ে যায়। সেই সাথে শুরু হয় ঘুর্ণিঝড়। ফলে রোগটি দ্রুত ছড়িয়ে পড়ে পুরো বাংলা অঞ্চলে । ব্যাপক ক্ষয়ক্ষতি হয় ফসলের।এতদিন দুর্ভিক্ষ হবার এটাই প্রধান কারন হিসেব ধরা হত। কিন্তু পরবর্তীতে গবেষণার ফলে দেখা যায় ফসল উৎপাদনের এই ঘাটতি দুর্ভিক্ষের প্রধানতম কারন নয়। অনেকগুলো কারনের একটি মাত্র কারণ। আর অন্য কারনগুলো একটিও প্রাকৃতিক নয় সবগুলো মানবসৃষ্ট।
নোবেল বিজয়ী অর্থনীতিবিদ অমর্ত্য সেন দেখিয়েছেন, সেই বছর মাত্র ৫ শতাংশ উৎপাদন কম হয়েছিল আগের বছরের থেকে। শুধু ৫ শতাংশ উৎপাদন কমের ফলে দেশজুড়ে এমন ভয়াবহ দুর্ভিক্ষ হবে এই কথা কোন ভাবেই যুক্তিযুক্ত নয়। তাহলে কারনটি কি?
পরিবহণ ব্যবস্থা ধ্বংস :
দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধে তখন জাপান নিজেদের দখলে নিয়েছে বার্মাকে। ব্রিটিশ-ভারতের চাল আমদানির প্রধান দেশ ছিল এই বার্মা। ফলে চাল আমদানি বন্ধ করে দেয় ভারতীয় ব্রিটিশ সরকার। যেসব এলাকা উৎপাদন কম হয়েছিল খাদ্য ঘাটতি চরমে ওঠে সেসব এলাকায় । বাজারে শুরু হয় খাদ্য দ্রব্যের সংকট। তবে তখনও পর্যাপ্ত খাদ্য মুজুদ ছিল দেশের অন্য অঞ্চলেগুলো। ফলে আমদানী না হলেও এতচরম খাদ্য সংকট হবার কথা নয়। প্রশ্ন হচ্ছে তাহলে কেন এত সংকট হল ?
খাদ্য সংকট এত প্রকট কেন হল এই অঞ্চলে ?
দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ তখন শেষের দিকে। জাপানীদের ভারত দখল ঠেকাতে এক কুবুদ্ধির আশ্রয় নেয় ব্রিটিশ সরকার যাকে বলে নিজের কান কেটে অন্যের যাত্রা ভঙ্গ করা।
জাপানীদের আগ্রাসন ঠেকাতে চট্রগ্রাম বন্দের জাহাজ, নদীর ছোট নৌকা, গরুর গাড়ী সহসকল পরিবহন ব্যবস্থা ইংরেজরা নিজেরাই ধ্বংস করে ফেলেছিল। যাতে জাপান দেশ দখল করার পর বিপাকে পড়ে। এর ফলে মৎসীজীবী থেকে শুরু করে দেশের সকল নিম্ন আয়ের মানুষের আয় রোজগার বন্ধ হয়ে যায়। এসময় অসংখ্য মানুষ কর্মহীন হয়ে পড়ে।
সেসময় ব্রিটিশরা ৪৬ হাজার নৌকা বাজেয়াপ্ত করেছিল। ফলে নদীমাতৃক দেশে খাদ্য পরিবহন ব্যবস্থা পুরোপুরি ধ্বংস হয়ে যায়। দেশের এক অঞ্ঝলে খাদ্য মুজুদ থাকলেও অন্য অঞ্চলের মানুষ মারা যেতে থাকে খাবার পৌঁছানোর অভাবে ।
আরো পড়ুন : বাংলার সবচেয়ে ভয়াবহ দুর্ভিক্ষ (১ম পর্ব)
সৈন্যদের জন্য অতিরিক্ত খাদ্য মজুদ :
যুদ্ধের সৈন্য আর কর্মীদের জন্য বিপুল পরিমান খাদ্য মজুদ করে রাখে ব্রিটিশ সরকার। শুধু কলকাতাতে সৈন্যদের জন্য মজুদকৃত খাদ্যের পরিমান ছিল প্রযোজনের তুলনায় অনেক বেশি। এর প্রভাব সরাসরি গিয়ে পড়ে বাজারে । বাজারে হুহু করে বাড়তে থাকে চালের দাম।
বাজার অনিয়ন্ত্রিত :
১৯৪২ সালে জানুয়ারি মাসে প্রতিমন চালের মুল্য ছিল ৬ টাকার কম। ৪৩ এর মে মাসে তা হয় ৩১ টাকা, কোন কোন জেলায় ১০০ টাকা। এক বছরে ১৭ গুন বেড়ে যায় চালের দাম। যা ছিল সাধারন মানুষের ধরাছোঁয়ার নাগালের বাইরে । তখন ভাত না পেয়ে শুধু ভাতের ফ্যানের জন্য লাইন পড়ে যেতে বড় লোকদের বাড়ির সামনে।
কালো বাজারিরের গুদামে মজুদের পর মজুদ হতে থাকে খাবার আর অন্যদিকে না খেয়ে মরতে থাকে গরীবেরা। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধকে সামনে রেখে ব্রিটিশ রাজ আর কালোবজারিদের হাতে তৈরি এই দুর্ভিক্ষ বাংলা ও বাঙালির মেরুদণ্ডই ভেঙে দিয়েছিল বলে অনেকে মনে করেন। কিন্তু এই অরাজকরতা কি কোনভাবেই নিয়ন্ত্রণ সম্ভব ছিল না ? কার হাতে ছিল সেই ক্ষমতা ?
অমানবিক নিষ্ঠুর চার্চিল :
সেমসয় ব্রিটেনের প্রধানমন্ত্রী ছিলেন ছিল উইনস্টন চার্চিল। ইংরেজদের কাছে যিনি ইতিহাসের সবচেয়ে সফল প্রধানমন্ত্রী এবং সাহিত্যে নোবেল পাওয়া একমাত্র রাজনীতিবিদ। বর্তমান সময়ে ভারত ও আমেরিকান গবেষকদের মতে তেতাল্লিশের দুর্ভিক্ষের জন্য সবচেয়ে বেশি দায়ী চার্চিলের অমানবিক আচরণ।
ভারতীয় ইংরেজ কর্মকর্তারা এসময় দেশের ভয়াবহ পরিস্থিতির কথা জানিয়ে বারবার চিঠি লিখেছিলেন প্রধানমন্ত্রী চার্চিলের কাছে। কিন্তু চার্চিল প্রথমে ছিলেন নিশ্চুপ ,কোন উত্তর না দিয়ে মুখে কুলুপ এটে থাকেন ।
দিল্লীর সরকার যখন পরিস্থিতির গুরুত্ব ও দুর্দশার বিস্তারিত চিত্র ও মৃত্যুর পরিসংখ্যান আবারো টেলিগ্রাম করে তাঁর কাছে পাঠান, তা দেখে চার্চিল বিদ্রুপ করে বলেছিলেন “তাহলে গান্ধী এখনো মরেনি কেন”?
‘উইনস্টন’স সিক্রেট ওয়ার’ নামে একটি বইয়ে মধুশ্রী মুখার্জি দেখিয়েছেন চার্চিলই এই দুর্ভিক্ষের জন্য দায়ী। মার্কিন ও ভারতী আরো অনেক গবেষণায় এই সত্যটি উঠে এসেছে। নোবেল বিজয়ী অমর্ত্য সেন দেখিয়েছেন ‘খাদ্য উৎপাদন নয় বিতরন ব্যবস্থার দুর্বলতার কারনে এই দুর্ভিক্ষ’ ।
গবেষকেরা আর দেখান যে, সংকটকালীন সময়ে যুক্তরাষ্ট্র ও অস্ট্রেলিয়া খাদ্য সাহায্য করতে চাইলেও তা নাকচ হয়ে যায় শুধু চার্চিলে অনুমতি না পাবার কারনে।
এরপরও অস্ট্রেলিয়া নিজের জাহাজে করে ১ লাখ ৭০ হাজার টন খাদ্যে সাহায্য পাঠিয়েছিল । কিন্তু চার্চিল সেই জাহাজ চট্রগ্রাম বন্দর দিয়ে পাঠিয়ে দেয় ইউরোপে। কতটা অমানবিক হলে লক্ষ লক্ষ মানুষের লাশের পাশ দিয়ে তিনি ত্রাণের জাহাজ পাঠিয়ে দেন ইউরোপে। চার্চিলের এমন অমানবিক নীতির কারনে এই দেশের ৫০ লক্ষ মানুষ না খেয়ে মরে যায়।
সংবাদপত্রের ভুমিকা :
সেসময় পত্রিকাগুলোকে কঠোর ভাবে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করতে থাকে ব্রিটিশ সরকার। তার চাইতো যে দুর্ভিক্ষ শব্দটিও যেন লিখা না হয় পত্রিকায়। তবে শেষ পর্যন্ত তারা সবার মুখ বন্ধ রাখতে পারেনি।
‘স্টেটসম্যান’ পত্রিকার সম্পাদক ইয়ান স্টিফান এক সাহসী সিদ্ধান্ত নেন। ১৯৪৩ সালের আগস্ট মাসে তিনি দুর্ভিক্ষের একটি ছবি ছাপান তার পত্রিকায়। এরপর শোরগোল পড়ে যায় সারা বিশ্বে। সাধারন ব্রিটিশরাও জানতো না এমন দুর্ভিক্ষে মারা যাচ্ছে ভারতের হাজারো মানুষ। এরপর একে একে গার্ডিয়ান সহ সকল পত্রিকায় ছাপা হতে থাকে তেতাল্লিশের ভয়াবহ দুর্ভিক্ষের ছবি। সাহায্য আসতে থাকে সারা বিশ্ব থেকে। যদিও ততদিনে ৫০ লক্ষ অভাগা বাংলার মানুষ মরে শেষ।
পরবর্তীতে অমর্ত্য সেন তার সেই বিখ্যাত গবেষণাপত্রে জানিয়েছিল ‘যে দেশে গনতন্ত্র আছে এবং সংবাদপত্র স্বাধীন সেই দেশে দুর্ভিক্ষ হবেনা”।
প্রাকৃতিক দুর্যোগ, যুদ্ধের ভয়াবহতা, খাদ্য শস্য মজুদ, বিতরণে ব্যর্থতা ও চার্চিলের অমানবিকতাই ‘পঞ্চাশের মনন্তরের’ মুল কারণ ।
(চলবে….)
সেলিম পারভেজ
লেখক ও সাংবাদিক
আরো পড়ুন :
স্বাধীন বাংলাদেশের একমাত্র দুর্ভিক্ষ (শেষ পর্ব)
ভিডিও সৌজন্য : banglabox
লেখক, সাংবাদিক এবং চলচ্চিত্রকর্মী ।
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