ক্রীতদাস ব্যবসা বাংলা থেকে আমেরিকা


পারভেজ সেলিম

পারভেজ সেলিম ।।


বাংলার হাট বাজারে একসময় গরু ছাগলের মত বিক্রি হত মানুষ। এখন বিশ্বাস করতে অনেকের কষ্ট হতে পারে কিন্তু এটাই ছিল বাস্তব। আরব কিংবা আফ্রিকায় দাস দাসী বিক্রি একটি স্বাভাবিক ব্যাপার মনে করা হলেও আমাদের এ অঞ্চলে ক্রীতদাস বিক্রির এমন ঘটনা বিশ্বাস করা কঠিন। 

বাংলার হাট বাজারে দাস দাসী বিক্রির প্রমাণ পাওয়া যায় পৃথিবী খ্যাত মুসলমান পর্যটক ইবনে বতুতার লেখায়। তিনি এই বাংলায় এসেছিলেন ১৩৪৫ সালে। তার লেখায় সে সময়ের বাংলার আর্থসামাজিক অবস্থার পাশাপাশি পাওয়া যায় ক্রীতদাস বেচা বিক্রির মতো নির্মম কু প্রথাটির অস্তিত্ব। 

ইবনে বতুতা কে ?

ইবনে বতুতা ছিলেন মরক্কোর একজন নামকরা অভিযাত্রী। বাংলাদেশের মানুষের কাছেও তিনি বেশ পরিচিত। তিনি সারা বিশ্ব ঘুরে দেখার জন্য বের হয়েছিলেন। তবে পুরোটা শেষ করতে পারেন নি। মুসলমান পরিব্রাজকদের মধ্যে তিনিও সবচেয়ে নামকরা।

ইবনে বতুতা বাংলাদেশে এসেছিলেন ১৩৪৫-৪৬ সালে। তার এ দেশে আসার মুল কারনই হলো হয়রত শাহজালালকে স্বচক্ষে দেখা এবং তার সান্নিধ্য লাভ করা। আফ্রিকা ও মধ্য এশিয়ার দেশ ঘোরা শেষে তিনি প্রথমে আসেন দিল্লিতে। সেখান থেকে আসেন আমাদের বাংলায়।

ইবনে বতুতা চট্রগ্রাম বন্দরে নেমে সেখান থেকে প্রথমে সিলেটে যান। সিলেটে তিনি তিন দিন থাকেন। হয়রত শাহজালালের সাথে সাক্ষাৎ শেষে ৫০ দিন ধরে নদী পথে সোঁনারগাও আসেন। সেখান থেকে জাহাজে চলে যান ইন্দোনেশিয়ার জাভায়।

এই কিছু সময় তিনি বাংলার অর্থনৈতিক ও সামাজিক অবস্থার যে তথ্য দেন তা থেকে যান বাংলা তখন খাদ্যে স্বয়ংসম্পূর্ন ছিল। ধান, চাল আর গরু ছাগলের উৎপাদন ছিল প্রচুর। 

তবে দরিদ্র মানুষের সংখ্যাও কম ছিল না। এই দরিদ্র মানুষগুলোই বিক্রি হত হাট বাজারে দাস দাসি হিসেবে।ধনী ব্যক্তিরা হাটে গিয়ে এককালিন টাকা দিয়ে কিনে আনতো মানুষ।

কত দাম ক্রীতদাসের ?

বতুতা একজন সুন্দরী দাসী বিক্রি হতে দেখেছে ৭ টাকায়। ইবনে বতুতা যখন বাংলায় আসেন তখন  ৭ টাকায় সাড়ে আটমন চাল পাওয়া যেত। বর্তমানে চালের মন ২৫০০ টাকা। সে হিসেবে এখনকার ১০-১১ হাজার টাকায় পাওয়া যেত একজন দাসী। আবার একটি দুধেল গাই কিনতে লাগতো ২১ টা। মানে কেউ একটা গাই বিক্রি করলে সেই  অর্থ দিয়ে তিনজন সুন্দরী দাসী কেনা সম্ভব ছিলো। 

অন্য আরেকটি হিসেবে দেখা যায়, সে সময় ৭ টাকায় পাওয়া যেত ২৮ মন ধান। আজকের হিসেবে ধানের মন ৭০০-১০০০ টাকা ধরলে একজন সুন্দরী দাসীর জন্য খরচ হত ২০-২৮ হাজার টাকা।


আরো পড়ুন : খলিফা আলী হত্যাকান্ড কেন এবং কিভাবে?


দাসী কিনেছিল ইবনে বতুতা 

ইবনে বতুতা নিজেও একজন সুন্দরী দাসী কিনেছিলেন। তার দাসীর নাম ছিল আশুরা। তার দাম পড়েছিল এক স্বর্ন দিনার বা ১০ টাকা। তার একজন সহযাত্রী ২ স্বর্ন দিনার বা ২০ টাকা দিয়ে কিনেছিলেন একজন অল্পবয়সী দাসী। তার নাম ছিল লুলু।

আরো প্রমাণ :

অনেক ইতিহাসবিদ মনে করেন বাংলায় যে ক্রীতদাস বিক্রি হত তা মুলত আমদানী করা ক্রীতদাস।স্থানীয় মানুষেরা নিজেরদের সন্তানদের এভাবে বিক্রি করে দিতো না। যদিও এ অঞ্চলে স্থানীয় ক্রীতদাস বিক্রির আরো কিছু প্রমাণ পাওয়া যায়।

১৮৬২ সালের এক হিসেবে দেখা যায় চট্রগ্রামে দাসের সংখ্যা ১ লক্ষ ২৫ হাজার। এদের দাম ছিল গড়ে বিশ টাকা করে।

 ১৮৩৯ সালের আইন কমিশনের রিপোর্টে দেখা যায় সিলেট, চট্রগ্রাম, ময়মনসিংহ, ঢাকা অঞ্চলের এক পঞ্চমাংশ মানুষ ছিল ক্রীতদাস।

১৮৩০ সালে সংবাদ পত্রে প্রকাশ হয় অযোদ্ধার নবাব ৫ জন সুন্দরী নারী ও ৭ জন পুরুষ কিনেছিলেন ২০ হাজার টাকায়।

১৮৩০ সাল পর্যন্ত বাংলার বাজারে হাবশী ও কাফ্রি নামে পরিচিত আফ্রিকান ক্রীতদাস-দাসী আমদানী কার হত। শুধু আফ্রিকা নয় আবর, চীন, তুরস্ক ও পারস্য থেকে আমাদের সুলতানরা ক্রীতদাস আমদানী করতো।

ওয়ারেন হিস্টিংস ভারতের গভর্নর এসেছিলেন ১৭৭৪ সালে। তার এগারো বছরের শাসনকালে তিনি আইন করেছিলেন কেউ যদি ক্রীতদাস কেনাবেচা করে তাহলে তাকে আদালতে রেজিস্ট্রি করতে হবে। রেজিস্ট্রি ফি দিতে হতো ৪ টাকা ৪ আনা।

ক্রীতদাসের ইতিহাস

আজ যে মানুষ আমরা দেখি তার যাত্রা শুরু হয়েছিল আজ থেকে ৭০ হাজার বছর আগে। এর আগে মানুষ জঙ্গলি ছিল। বাস করতো জঙ্গলে। তারও আগে কয়েক লক্ষ বছর লেগেছে এই প্রাণীটির মানুষ হয়ে উঠতে। যদিও আজকের মানুষের হিংস্রতা আর নির্মমতার প্রমাণ পাওয়া যায় তাতে মানুষের ধারণা পুরোটা পাল্টে যায়। সৃষ্টির সেরা জীব হয়ে ওঠে নিষ্ঠুর ও বর্বর এক হিংস্র প্রাণী। 

মানুষের হিংস্রতার আর অমানবিকতার সবচেয়ে বড় নিদর্শণ হচ্ছে ক্রীতদাস প্রথা। একজন মানুষ আরেকজন মানুষকে পশুর মতো মনে করতো এবং নিষ্ঠুরতা চালাতো। ক্রীতদাস প্রথাই মানব ইতিহাসের সবচেয়ে দীর্ঘতম নির্মম ও নৃশংসতার ঘটনা।

ক্রীতদাসের ধারণা শুরু হয় সভ্যতার শুরুতেই। সবচেয়ে প্রাচীন যে সভ্যতার কথা মানুষ এখন জানে সেই মেসোপটেমিয়া সভ্যতায় এই বর্বরতম প্রথাটির সুত্রপাত। সেটি ৪০০০ খ্রি.পুর্বাব্দে। এর হাজার বছর পর এই কুপ্রথা প্রবেশ করে মিশরে। আজকের যে পিরামিড আমরা দেখতে পাই তা কয়েক লক্ষ ক্রীতদাসের উপর নির্মম নির্যাতনের ফসল।

এরপর এই প্রথা ছড়িয়ে পড়ে ভারতসহ সারাবিশ্বে। চীনেও এই ক্রীতদাসের হাতে নির্মিত হয়েছে চীনের মহাপ্রাচীর। ৮০০ খ্রি.পুর্বে গ্রিসেও ক্রীতদাস প্রথা চালু ছিল। ৩০০ খ্রি.পুর্বের রোমেও দেখা গেছে ক্রীতদাসের। রোমানরা ক্রীতদাসদের হিংস্র পশুর সামনে ফেলে দিতো, মরনপণ লড়াই করে মরে যাওয়া দেখাই ছিল রোমানদের শ্রেষ্ঠ বিনোদন। ‘কলোসিয়াম’ ছিল সেই বিনোদনের প্রাণ কেন্দ্র ।

 রোমানরা আইন করে বেচা বিক্রি চালু রেখেছিল তাদের এই কুপ্রথাটি। একসময় ইটালীর মোট জনসংখ্যার ১৫ শতাংশই হয়ে ওঠেছিল ক্রীতদাস। ১০০ খ্রী.পুর্বে এসে দেখা গেল ইটালীর অর্ধেক মানুষই দাস।

১৪৯২ সালে ১২ অক্টোবর কলোম্বাস আমেরিকা আবিস্কার করেন। আমেরিকার অনেক অনাবাদি জমিতে কৃষি কাজের জন্য প্রয়োজন পড়ে অনেক শ্রমিকের। আর তাতেই শুরু হয় ক্রীতদাস বেচা বিক্রির নতুন বাণিজ্যে।

আফ্রিকা থেকে আটলান্টিক মহাসাগর পাড়ি দিয়ে হাজার হাজার মানুষকে আমেরিকায় এনে বিক্রি করা হত ক্রীতদাস হিসেবে। ইতিহাসে এটি পরিচিত ছিল ‘ ট্রান্স আটলান্টিক স্লেভ ট্রেড’ নামে। এটাই ছিল সেসময়ে সবচেয়ে লাভজনক ব্যবসা।

আমেরিকাই ছিল ক্রীতদাস বিক্রির সবচেয়ে বড় বাজার। প্রথমে কৃষিকাজের জন্য তাদের ব্যবহার করা হলেও পরে গৃহকর্মী, যৌনকর্মী থেকে শুরু করে বিনোদনের জন্যও নির্মম অত্যাচার করা হত  এসকল অভাগা মানুষদের।

বিক্রি বন্ধ হল কিভাবে ?

মানুষ বিক্রির এমন প্রথা ধীরে ধীরে বন্ধ হয়। ঠিক কবে বাংলার হাট বাজার মানুষ বিক্রি বন্ধ হয়েছে তা সঠিকভাবে বলা মুসকিল। 

ইউরোপে ১৪১৬ সালে রাগুসা নামের একটি দেশ প্রথম দাস প্রথা নিষিদ্ধ করে। নরওয়ে ও ডেনমার্ক ১৮০২ সালে দাস বাণিজ্য বন্ধ করে।

১৮২০ সালে ব্রিটিশরা দাস প্রথাকে নিরুৎসাহিত করতে শুরু করে।

১৮৪৩ সালে দাসদাসী প্রথা ধীরে ধীরে বিলুপ্তির জন্য ‘অ্যাক্ট ফাইভ’ প্রনীত হয় । এর মাধ্যমে প্রথমে ক্রীতদাস আমদানি রপ্তানী বন্ধ করা হয়। এর ফলে উপমহাদেশে দাস বাণিজ্য কমতে শুরু করে।

১৮৬৫ সালের ৬ আগস্ট আব্রাহাম লিংকন আমেরিকায় দাস প্রথা বিলুপ্তির আইন পাশ করেন যা ‘কনফিসকেশন অ্যাক্ট’ নামে পরিচিত।

নতুনরুপে ক্রীতদাস  :

মানব ইতিহাস এই জঘন্যতম প্রথাটি কি বিলুপ্ত হয়েছে ? না হয়নি।পৃথিবীর বিভিন্ন দেশের মতো বাংলাদেশেও এ্‌ই প্রথাটির বিলুপ্তি ঘটেনি।মানব পাচার, শ্রমিক শোষণ, যৌনকর্মে বাধ্য করার মতো ঘটনার মধ্যে দিয়ে টিকে আছে এই অমানবিক প্রথাটি। 

দিনে দিনে আরো নতুন নতুন মোড়কে বিশ্বের সামনে হাজির হচ্ছে ক্রীতদাস প্রথা। আগামীর বিশ্ব শোষন বঞ্চনাহীন বিশ্ব হবে, নাকি নতুন কোন মোড়কে নৃশংস ক্রীতদাস প্রথা ফিরে আসবে সেটি ভবিষ্যৎই বলতে পারবে।


পারভেজ সেলিম

লেখক ও চলচ্চিত্রকর্মী

সৌজন্যে : Banglabox

৮৩৬ thoughts on “ক্রীতদাস ব্যবসা বাংলা থেকে আমেরিকা

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  51. From the demure minimize to the look, lingerie has a provocative sense of fashion that brings out the femininity in the wearer. To be at your perfect, you need to arrange all the pieces upfront and test out every thing before the marriage. In this text, we’ll share important suggestions on discovering the perfect wedding ceremony lingerie for that particular occasion. Accurate Measurements: Obtaining precise measurements is essential for finding lingerie that fits properly. As a way to handle issues properly both at dwelling and work, a woman must be snug in addition to good. Whether or not you are celebrating a birthday, anniversary, new child, delivering get nicely wishes, a hospital gift, funeral flowers or particular tribute, Carithers Flowers will design and deliver the proper custom flower association or reward basket – only for you. Most brides choose babydolls to make their first evening special. For every sale, they make extra earnings.

  52. If the wedding coordinator is a female, then they’re generally given a corsage to wear too. There’s spicing issues up, then there’s spicing things up in Julien Macdonald lingerie. The thrilling seek for the best lingerie requires maintaining several issues in thoughts, including type, fabric, and product varieties. It’s necessary to know and perceive these variations so you understand exactly what you are getting and likewise what you probably can rely on to attain out of your product. We know women’s underwear higher than anybody, and we’re here to guantee that your lingerie leaves you feeling your finest. We do our greatest to ensure that the products that you just order are delivered to you in full and in line with your specs. Please text us a photograph of the items to affirm your objects are in-stock or if you’re having difficulties putting a web based order for decide-up or supply. This Premier Seacoast Florist is situated at the Tannery and gives same-day delivery. Flowerama Cedar Rapids proudly gives similar-day flower supply on Sundays and day-after-day. Can you find your 5months outdated bra in the same condition compared to the day when you first woreit? Lady Duff Gordon of Lucile was one in all the primary pioneers on lingerie freeing women from restrictive corsets.

  53. If you’re unsure what type of lingerie is correct to your physique kind, you can use our Type Join service to get personalised recommendation from a method professional who might help you discover your excellent fit. This is described in the help menu of every browser, which explains how you can change your cookie settings. Persistent cookies are routinely deleted after a specified interval, which may fluctuate depending on the cookie. This may increasingly trigger further information processing beyond our control. We have now concluded a knowledge processing settlement with the companions and perform knowledge protection influence assessments to verify that data processing complies with the present laws. While they might seem related at first look, they have distinct options catering to totally different preferences. So, get ready to impress while you undress with the sexiest vary of women’s lingerie to make you’re feeling your best! Begin taking a look at marriage ceremony ceremony night lingerie and a minimum of two weeks previous to the marriage week to ensure you look absolute sexiest on your special evening. And there are many hidden nooks perfect for whiling away a couple of hours – or even the entire night. A perfect panty provides you a stroll of confidence, no matter how many occasions you sit or stand and even stroll up the steps with the whole world behind you.

  54. A lingerie dress was a popular sort of dress in the North America and Europe throughout the decades of the 1900s till 1920. The gown was lightweight, typically white and decorated. Store white lingerie, fairly pink, romantic purple and extremely sexy black lingerie. Just in case you are uncomfortable or in confident of strolling right into a retailer to buy lingerie, you possibly can always search for one thing online. I think it is superb for them to see different sized women because of this of in another case they’ll actually feel dangerous about themselves if they don’t look like the fashions. Like their larger cousins, spray roses come in a full range of hues from pale to vivid, giving you many choices to choose from. Whatever size or shape you might be there’s now an enormous range of raunchy underwear obtainable to enhance your confidence and desirability. Buying new underwear is the proper solution to impress your partner in the bedroom, with an important range of garments on the market corresponding to bustiers and thongs; with all this and so far more you are really ready to enhance that sexy feeling for the benefit of both you and your accomplice.

  55. Lingerie as a sexually interesting undergarment began during the nineteenth century. Based by 23-year-old Cami Tellez and Jack DeFuria, Parade launched in October 2019 and it has already made our Instagram feed (and our lingerie drawer) brighter and better. The most effective option to seek out out this truth can be to go through her drawer and see what size she is carrying and what kind of lingerie she prefers. It is essential to select lingerie in the right measurement with the intention to really feel comfortable and sexy while carrying it. They need their undergarments to really feel them comfy as well as fashionable in order that it seems superior. However even then, each particular person will feel snug in one thing fully different. Start looking for one thing that is utterly different possibly one thing that you have not tried even now. This is probably the greatest hacks, even when you don’t have to pay big, you will get something superior. In a bunch, there are lots of ladies and most likely they have a different choice. So naughty scorching women who is stopping you? Lingerie is a long run which constitutes of panties, stockings, thongs, garters, sheer night gowns and so on. Idea of lingerie has been taking up to the interval when individuals who lived in the forests wears some other objects than this concepts arises.

  56. Dessous is weaker to Magic and Ranged than Stab. A player demonstrating what happens when prayer flicking between Protect from Ranged and Melee in opposition to Dessous, inflicting him to not assault. The 3 excellent lace wholesale lingerie items from the Rene Rife sexy wholesale corset assortment could be the Lace & Mesh Halter Baby doll Set, the Lace Entrance Tie Back Teddy, and the Lace Peek-A-Boo Bra and Crotch much less Thong Set. Presenting this reward card is not just about giving; it is about offering an expertise of exploration and self-expression inside our unique collection. This unique focus on quality has made Bordelle some of the recognizable brands on the earth. While serving in World Battle I, an American soldier meets a young girl in Paris. Let’s find out about these two sometimes tough phrases that may turn the world upside-down! You possibly can get these things delivered to your home effortlessly. Fortuitously, there are numerous things that you are able to do to ensure that your lingerie is each flattering and comfortable.

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